You know the scene. The database is just too slow. Queries are queuing up, backlogs growing, users being refused connection. Management is ready to spend millions on "upgrading" to some other system, when the problem is really that MySQL is simply not being used properly. Badly defined or non-existent indexes are one of the primary reasons for poor performance, and fixing these can often lead to phenomenal improvements. Consider an extreme example:
CREATE TABLE employee (
employee_number char(10) NOT NULL,
firstname varchar(40),
surname varchar(40),
address text,
tel_no varchar(25),
salary int(11),
overtime_rate int(10) NOT NULL
);
To find employee Fred Jone's salary(employee number 101832), you run:
SELECT salary FROM employee WHERE employee_number = '101832';
MySQL has no clue where to find this record. It doesn't even know that if it does find one matching, that there will not be another matching one, so it has to look through the entire table, potentially thousands of records, to find Fred's details.
An index is a separate file that is sorted, and contains only the field/s you're interested in sorting on. If you create an index on employee_number, MySQL can find the corresponding record very quickly (Indexes work in very similar ways to an index in a book. Imagine paging through a technical book (or more often, an scrambled pile of notes!) looking for the topic "Optimizing MySQL". An index saves you an immense amount of time!
Before we repair the table structure above, let me tell you about a most important little secret for anyone serious about optimizing their queries: EXPLAIN. EXPLAIN shows (explains!) how your queries are being used. By putting it before a SELECT, you can see whether indexes are being used properly, and what kind of join is being performed...
For example:
EXPLAIN SELECT employee_number,firstname,surname FROM employee WHERE employee_number= '10875';
+----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------+
| table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------+
| employee | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | where used |
+----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------+
So what are all these things?
- table shows us which table the output is about (for when you join many tables in the query)
- type is an important one - it tells us which type of join is being used. From best to worst the types are: system, const, eq_ref, ref, range, index, all
- possible_keys Shows which possible indexes apply to this table
- key And which one is actually used
- key_len give us the length of the key used. The shorter that better.
- ref Tells us which column, or a constant, is used
- rows Number of rows mysql believes it must examine to get the data
- extra Extra info - the bad ones to see here are "using temporary" and "using filesort"
Looks like our query is a shocker, the worst of the worst! There are no
possible keys to use, so MySQL has to go through all the records (only 2
in this example, but imagine a really large table).
Now lets add the index we talked about earlier.
If we re-run the EXPLAIN, we get:
+----------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| employee | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 10 | const | 1 | |
+----------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
The query above is a good one (it almost falls into the category of
"couldn't be better"). The type of "join" (not really a join in the
case of this simple query) is "const", which means that the table has
only one matching row. The primary key is being used to find this particular
record, and the number of rows MySQL thinks it needs to examine to find
this record is 1. All of which means MySQL could have run this query
thousands of times in the time it took you to read this little explanation.
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